17.3 状语的词和结构 1) 副词 This car engine runs very quietly. 这辆汽车的发动机噪音很小。 He immediately switched off the light. 他立刻把灯熄灭。 Undoubtedly, he is the best chess player in this country. 毫无疑问，他是这个国家最好的(国际象棋)棋手。 2) 介词短语 Fresh water was taken to this area by air. 新鲜的水通过空运到达这里。 I have been waiting for more than half an hour. 我已经等了不只半小时。 3) 不定式 I went there to see my old friend. 我到那里去见我的老朋友。 To be honest, I am still quite confused about this. 说实话，我仍然对这个感到很困惑。 4) 现在分词 Having arrived at a …
17.2 状语种类 英语中的状语按其用途，可以分为时间状语、地点状语、方面状语、原因状语、结果状语、目的状语、条件状语、让步状语、程度状语、方式状语、伴随状语等11种。 1）时间状语 She is to be married next month. 她预定在下个月结婚。 I’ll meet you at 4 o’clock. 我将在4点钟和你见面。 A lot of students missed my lecture yesterday. 昨天许多学生误了我的课。 2）地点状语 He lives over the mountain. 他住在山的那一边。 I first met him in Paris. 我初次见到他是在巴黎。 The children are swimming in the river. 孩子们正在河里游泳。 注：地点状语除表位置外，还可以表“出发”“去向”“距离”等。如： Are you glad to be going back to school? 返回学校你感到高兴吗? They lived many miles from the town. 他们住的地方离镇子好几英里远。 3）方面状语 She is …
17.1 状语在句子中的主要作用 1) 修饰动词 状语在句子中很多时候用于修饰动词(包括谓语动词和非谓语动词)。用于表示动词发生的时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、伴随等。 You can put it down anywhere. 你可以随便放哪里都行。 (表地点) The company will go bankrupt unless business improves.. 如果生意再无起色，公司非倒闭不可。(表条件) The meeting has been called off last night after the deadly explosion. 昨晚发生致命爆炸袭击之后，会议已经被取消。(表时间) Seeing nobody in the office, she had to leave a note. 看到没有人在办公室，她只好留下张便条。 (表原因) 2) 修饰形容词或副词（状语） 这类状语用于表示所修饰的形容词或副词的程度，起到增强、减弱或强调的作用。 Most of them are completely innocent. 他们中大多数人是完全无辜的。 This is a highly effective way to refine sugar. 这是一个制糖的高效方法。 They will arrive here pretty soon. 他们很快就会到达这儿。 Eggs are extremely well adapted to men’s needs. 蛋极易适合人的需要。 3) 修饰整个句子的状语。 这一类状语通常位于句首，用逗号隔开，用于表示说话人对句子内容的看法、态度、评价等。 Frankly, …
第十七章 状语 状语是一种修饰成分，用于修饰动词，形容词，其他状语或整个句子。 17.1 状语在句子中的主要作用 17.2 状语种类 17.3 状语的词和结构 17.4 状语的位置 17.5 状语从句
16.3 定语从句 定语从句是形容词性从句， 用来修饰主句中的名词或代词。其作用相当于定语，故称定语从句。 被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。 定语从句一般紧随它所修饰的先行词之后, 并由关系代词或关系副词引导。 16.3.1 限制性定语从句? 限制性定语从句用于限定或说明其所修饰的词的范围或性质等。从句与先行词关系密切，如果省略的话则会造成主句意义不完整。先行词在定语从句中充当某个语法成份(如充当主语、宾语，定语或状语等)。 1）关系代词引导的定语从句 (1) 由 that 引导的定语从句 that 可以指人或物。 在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语， 作宾语或表语时可以省略。 The man that visited our school is from Australia．到访我们学校的那个人来自澳大利亚。 Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn? 氧气是唯一的助燃气体吗？ The girl (that) I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。 Is there anything else (that) you require? 你还需要别的东西吗？ My hometown …
16.2 后置定语 后置定语位于所修饰的名词之后。可以充当后置定语的词语有形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式和从句。 1) 形容词作后置定语 Who is the greatest poet alive? 谁是当今世界上最伟大的诗人？ There is something important in today’s newspaper. 今天报纸上有条重要新闻。 Are there any tickets available? 还有票吗? 2) 副词作后置定语 The people there are very friendly. 那里的人们非常友好。 The design above is made by Mr. Brown. 上述的图样是由布朗先生制作的 3) 介词短语作后置定语 The weather in that area is very hot. 那个地方的天气很热。 The day after tomorrow will be sunny. 后天晴天。 4) 现在分词作后置定语 There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里 They lived in a room facing the east. 他们住在一间朝东的房间里。 5) 过去分词作后置定语 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 受邀到会的大部分是著名的科学家。 Who were …
16.1 前置定语 1） 形容词作定语 It was a small table. 那是一张小桌。 He is a responsible man. 他是一个可以信赖的人。 2） 代词作定语 Do you see this newspaper in my hand? 你看到我手里的这张报纸吗？ Do you see that book over there? 你看到那边那本书吗？ These pens cost twenty pence. 这些钢笔价值20便士。 Those children should not play in the street. 那些小孩不该在街上玩。 Life was difficult in those days. 那些日子生活艰难。 3） 数词作定语 Three boys are running along the bank. 三个男孩沿着河岸跑 You are the first one here. 你是第一个到这里的人 4） 名词作定语 My father once worked in a car factory in Changchun. 我父亲曾在长春一家汽车厂工作。 He dropped the coffee cup and broke it. 他掉下咖啡杯，打破了。 5） 名词所有格作定语 He is my brother’s teacher. 他是我弟弟的老师。 That …
第十六章 定语 16.1 前置定语 16.2 后置定语 16.3 定语从句
15.7 状语移位到宾语前面的情况 有时由于宾语太长等原因，作者可把状语移位到宾语前面以保持句子的平衡。 Please translate into English the Chinese given in brackets. 请把括号里的中文译成英文。 He took out of his bag a knife. 他从提包里拿出一把刀子。 The writer spread before the readers the information he has collected so far. 作者向读者展示了他至今收集到的信息。 She was told by the policemen that her husband had been arrested. 她被警察告知其丈夫已被逮捕。 She announced at the meeting that she was going to resign. 她在会上宣布她准备辞职。
15.6 先行词it作形式宾语 有时由于宾语太长，常用it 作为先行宾语，而把真正的宾语放到句子后部。这种情况在复合宾语中尤为常用。 1）it 代表后移的不定式 I don’t feel it difficult to understand him. 我觉得听明白他讲的话并不难。 She found it hard to make good friends there. 她发现在那儿很难交到好朋友。 Better technology makes it possible to produce more crops in the farm. 更好的技术使农产品增加成为可能。 He made it a rule to study in the early morning. 他让早起学习成为自己的惯例。 2） it 代表后移的宾语从句 The headmaster has made it clear that the school meeting will not be put off. 校长说得很清楚校会不会推迟。 I take it for granted that you will win the first prize. 我认为你获一等奖是理所当然的事。 He hasn’t made it clear when he is coming …
